sensor
This is the part that captures the light. The sensor is essentially the "film" material of a digital camera. No light, no photo.Light enters through the camera lens, then passes to the camera sensor, which receives the information and translates it into an electronic signal. From there, the image processor creates the image and fine-tunes it to correct for a typical set of photographic flaws, like noise.
The size of the image sensor is extremely important. In general, the larger the sensor, the larger your pixels, and the larger the pixels, the more light you can collect. The more light you can catch, the better your image can be.
Larger sensors are the reason that 8 megapixels from a digital camera is better than those 8 megapixels from a smartphone camera. You get roughly the same number of pixels, but the pixels on the digital camera get to be larger, and therefore let in more light. More light equals less-noisy images and greater dynamic range.
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