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Sunday, January 10, 2016

You want to get things WET!!! try this

Most times we need to get a huge ground wet always, or it might be plants, here is a simple way you can handle this

Step 1: Getting started

Decide what you want to be covered by the watering system. Draw a rough plan on paper showing the garden details (position of the house, beds, paths, tap etc) and measurements. You’ll need this to estimate the equipment for the job whether you do it yourself or go to a specialty irrigation shop for advice and service. You should plan on spacing your sprays about 1 metre apart for good coverage.

Step 2: Get your materials

To help you buy the correct fittings the irrigation shop will need your rough plan and the results of a flow test to see how much volume of water is available.
A flow test is simply an estimate of the rate at which water flows out of your tap. To find this information take all fittings (hoses etc) off one of the garden taps and turn it on full force. Place a household bucket underneath the tap and time how long it takes to reach the top of the bucket. This information will help the irrigation specialists determine the correct components for your garden.
When you visit a specialist irrigation shop they will be able to translate your rough plan into a detailed plan and estimate the length of pipe and the number of fittings that you will need.

Step 3: Laying out the system

You will be supplied with a length of black polypipe tubing. This is the main irrigation pipe from which run the sprayers. We selected 19mm width poly pipe, which delivers a good flow of water.
To make placement easier, unroll the pipe (for example on the lawn) and allow it to straighten in the warmth of the sun. This will get rid of all the kinks and curls.
Lay your piping out over the areas which you want to be watered.
Tip: When laying the tubing try to curve it instead of always cutting and joining with T-joints or elbows as you lose about 11% of your water flow with each additional joint.
Cut your pipe to fit the area using sharp secateurs (alternatively use a sharp Stanley or craft knife but take care not to cut yourself) and join with the appropriate joiner and ratchets. Leave one or two ends open to check water flow.
Cover the ends of the plastic tubing with tape or something similar to stop dirt getting into the pipes as they move through the soil.

Step 4:Flow Check

Once the 19mm pipe is laid out across the garden, connect the main tube to your garden tap. It is a good idea to insert an inline filter between the tap and the main tubing to catch anything which may otherwise block the tiny spray heads.
Turn on the tap to check the flow from the unjoined pipes. This will also flush any soil from the pipes which could impede the flow later.
When you have established that water is flowing to all parts of the system, turn off the tap and join the open ends to the appropriate joiner. Placing a ratchet clip over the piping covering the joiner and sealing with a pair of multigrips stops the tubing from coming off later – it’s often difficult to trace a dislodged seal once the pipe is buried, so save yourself some time and trouble by doing it correctly first time round.

Step 5: Selecting the sprayers

There are a number of different spray heads that can be used to cover different shaped garden beds and so avoid wasting water on paths and the like including:
90deg. heads – good for corners.
  • 180deg. spray heads – use to keep spray off the path when aimed towards the bed.
  • 360deg. heads – deliver a circular spray pattern that is ideal for the middle of garden beds.
  • strip spray heads – to deliver a lengthways band of water for rectangular areas.

Step 6: Installing the risers and spray heads

The sprayers are linked into the main irrigation pipe with narrow tubes or risers (3.9mm), usually called spaghetti tube, which in turn are attached to rigid, plastic stakes known as landscape stakes
Cut the risers to length and attach each piece to a landscape stake and insert a joiner in the end which will be attached to the poly pipe.
Using a hosing clip punch (sold as a punch tool and available from irrigation suppliers), make a hole in the 19mm irrigation pipe at a spot which will be midway between the adjacent plants. Insert one end of the riser tubing to the main pipe and plant the stake in the ground.
Note: The advantage of using risers is that the spray head can be moved around as the plants grow without having to punch more holes in the buried pipe. Fixed risers may have plants grow over the top which will interfere with the spray, so the moveable risers on stakes are more convenient and practical.
Repeat until all risers are in position. If you make a mistake when punching a hole it can be repaired with a seal called a goof plug.
The next step is to attach the appropriate spray head to each riser. You may find it easier to first insert a brass head to cut a thread before inserting the permanent plastic heads.
Tip: Leather gloves will save your hands and give you a better grip when screwing in the spray heads.

Step 7: Finishing touches

Hold down pipe where necessary with wire pegs.
To cover the pipe dig a shallow trench 6-8cm (3-4″) deep, lay pipe in trench and cover.

 

Saturday, January 9, 2016

What You Need To Know About Your Mobile Network


1G analog 

2G digital, voice (GSM)
2.5G added data (GPRS)
2.75G faster data (EDGE)

3G digital, supported data, packet switched (WCDMA)
3.5G faster downlink data (HSDPA)
3.6G faster uplink data (HSPA)
3.75G more enhanced HSPA (HSPA+/eHSPA)

4G wireless broadband
 

Meaning Of  Symbol G In Mobile Signal:
  • G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service),considered to be the second generation (2G) mobile technology.
  • It is very slow compared to other technologies and oldest among all mobile technologies.
  • Maximum download speed = 53.6 kb/s
  • Maximum upload speed = 28 kb/s
  • Good for chatting applications like WhatsApp, 2go…. with this internet but not suitable for browsing webpages.
    Meaning Of The Symbol E In Mobile Signal:
    E stands for EDGE (Enhanced data Rates for GSM Evolution).This technology lies between 2G & 3G. Most blackbery phones carry this.
    • EDGE is considered as pre-3G radio technology.
    • Maximum download speed = 217.6 kb/s.
    • Maximum upload speed = 108 kb/s.
    • EDGE is faster than GPRS, suitable for browsing webpages but not for streaming videos/audios.
    Meaning Of The Symbol 3G In Mobile Signal:
    • 3G stands for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecomm. System) and short form of Third Generation introduced in 1998.
    • It provides mobile broadband access of several MB/s to smartphone and mobile modems in Laptop Computers.
      • Maximum download speed = 384 kb/s.
      • Maximum upload speed = 128 kb/s.
      • 3G is faster than EDGE and users are able to experience faster data transmission speeds. 3G networks allow people to access music, pictures, and videos.
      Meaning Of The Symbol H In Mobile Signal:
      • H stand for HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), considered to be the 3.5 generation mobile technology(Enhanced 3G).
      • HSPA is further divided into HSDPA(download) and HSUPA(upload) to denote download and upload speeds.
      • Maximum download speed = 7.2 MB/s.
      • Maximum upload speed = 3.6 MB/s.
      • You can stream music and even YouTube Videos without much interruption.
        Meaning Of The Symbol H+ In Mobile Signal:
      • H+ stands for Evolved HSPA,the development of technology H.
      • Before the emergence of the 4G,it has been considered as best technology.
      • Maximum download speed = 14~168 MB/s.
      • Maximum upload speed = 5.7~ 23 MB/s.
      • Downloading and buffering can run smoothly.
      Meaning Of The Symbol 4G In Mobile Signal:
    • 4G stands for Fourth generation,the development of technology H+ allowing wireless Internet access at a much higher speed.
    • It is also called LTE (Long Term Evolution),download files from the Internet up to 10 times faster than 3G.
    • Maximum download speed = 100~1000 MB/s.
    • Maximum upload speed = 50~ 500 MB/s.
    • To download a new game or stream a TV show in HD, you can do it without buffering
    I hope when next you are buying a phone you will be able to know the capacity of the network.

Tuesday, May 1, 2012

ANDROID (operating system)

Android (operating system) Android Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google, running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer Google Inc, Open Handset Alliance Programmed in XML, C (core),[1] Java (UI), C++ Working state Current Source model Mixed (free and open source software and proprietary software)[2][3] Initial release 21 October 2008 Latest stable release Tablets: 3.2 (Honeycomb)[4] Phones: 2.3.5 (Gingerbread) / 25 July 2011; 31 days ago[4] Package manager APK Supported platforms ARM, MIPS,[5] x86[6][citation needed] Kernel type Linux kernel (monolithic) Default user interface Graphical License Apache License 2.0 before 3.0, closed source for 3.0, 3.1 and 3.2: Linux kernel patches under GNU GPL v2[7] Official website http://www.android.com/ History Foundation Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV)to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".[27] Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretively, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.[27] That same year, Rubin ran out of cash. Steve Perlman brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.[28] Acquisition by Google Google acquired Android Inc. in August 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.[24] Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time of the acquisition, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move.[citation needed] Post-acquisition development At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[29][30][31] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006.[32] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[33] Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[34][35] [edit] Open Handset Alliance Main article: Open Handset Alliance Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models. Eric Schmidt, former Google Chairman/CEO[13] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices.[13] On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[13] On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Huawei Technologies, PacketVideo, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[36][37] [edit] Licensing With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free and open source software license since October 21, 2008. Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[38] under an Apache License.[39] Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment.[40] Even though the software is open-source, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license Google's closed-source applications, including the Android Market.[41] In September 2010, Skyhook Wireless filed a lawsuit against Google in which they alleged that Google had used the compatibility document to block Skyhook's mobile positioning service (XPS) from Motorola's Android mobile devices.[42] In December 2010 a judge denied Skyhook's motion for preliminary injunction, saying that Google had not closed off the possibility of accepting a revised version of Skyhook's XPS service, and that Motorola had terminated their contract with Skyhook because Skyhook wanted to disable Google's location data collection functions on Motorola's devices, which would have violated Motorola's obligations to Google and its carriers.[43] In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the source code to the tablet-only Honeycomb release, which called into question the "open-ness" of this Android release.[44] The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom,[45] and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets.[46] Google later confirmed that the Honeycomb source code would not be released until after it was merged with the Gingerbread release in Ice Cream Sandwich.[47] Version history Main article: Android version history Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally, each new version of the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. Past updates included Cupcake and Donut. The code names are in alphabetical order (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, and the upcoming Ice Cream Sandwich). Below is a list of the most recent versions, and what they include: • 2.0 (Eclair) included a new web browser, with a new user interface and support for HTML5 and the W3C Geolocation API. It also included an enhanced camera app with features like digital zoom, flash, color effects, and more.[48] • 2.1 (Eclair) included support for voice controls throughout the entire OS. It also included a new launcher, with 5 homescreens instead of 3, animated backgrounds, and a button to open the menu (instead of a slider). It also included a new weather app, and improved functionality in the Email and Phonebook apps.[49] • 2.2 (Froyo) introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization and the Chrome V8 JavaScript engine, and added Wi-Fi hotspot tethering and Adobe Flash support[50] • 2.3 (Gingerbread) refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication[51] • 3.0 (Honeycomb) was a tablet-oriented[52][53][54] release which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics.[55] The Honeycomb SDK has been released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, went on sale in February 2011.[56] • 3.1 (Honeycomb) was announced at the 2011 Google I/O on 10 May 2011. - To allow honeycomb devices to directly transfer content from USB devices[57] • 3.2 (Honeycomb) is "an incremental release that adds several new capabilities for users and developers". Highlights include optimization for a broader range of screen sizes; new "zoom-to-fill" screen compatibility mode; capability to load media files directly from the SD card; and an extended screen support API, providing developers with more precise control over the UI.[58] Future releases that have been announced include: • 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)[59] is said to be a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole".[60] It will be released in Q4 2011.[61] Design Android's kernel is derived from the Linux kernel. Google contributed code to the Linux kernel as part of their Android effort, but certain features, notably a power management feature called wakelocks, were rejected by mainline kernel developers, so the Android kernel is now a separate version or fork of the Linux kernel.[62][63][64] Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community.[65] Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.[63] Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process", because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android.[66] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[67] However, support for the X Window System is possible.[68] Features The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5) Architecture diagram Current features and specifications:[69][70][71] Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts. Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes. Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX. Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud To Device Messaging Framework(C2DM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service. Multiple language support Android supports multiple human languages. The number of languages more than doubled for the platform 2.3 Gingerbread. Android lacks font rendering of several languages even after official announcements[citation needed] of added support (e.g. Hindi). Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test. Java support While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party applications. Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[71] Streaming media support RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5